January 20

January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 345 days remaining until the end of the year (346 in leap years).

In astrology, it is the cusp day between Capricorn and Aquarius.

Events

• 250 – Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Pope Fabian is martyred.
• 1265 – In Westminster, the first English parliament conducts its first meeting held by Simon de Montfort in the Palace of Westminster, now also known colloquially as the "Houses of Parliament".
• 1320 – Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.
• 1356 – Edward Balliol abdicates as King of Scotland.
• 1502 – The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro is first explored.
• 1523 – Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway.
• 1576 – The Mexican city of León is founded by order of the viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza.
• 1649 – Charles I of England goes on trial for treason and other "high crimes".
• 1667 – The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Kiev, Smolensk, and left-bank Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo.
• 1783 – The Kingdom of Great Britain signs a peace treaty with France and Spain, officially ending hostilities in the Revolutionary War.
• 1788 – The third and main part of First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay. Arthur Phillip decides that Botany Bay is unsuitable for the location of a penal colony, and decides to move to Port Jackson.
• 1801 – John Marshall is appointed the Chief Justice of the United States.
• 1839 – In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats an alliance between Peru and Bolivia.
• 1840 – Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land, Antarctica.
• 1841 – Hong Kong Island is occupied by the British.
• 1885 – L.A. Thompson patents the roller coaster.
• 1887 – The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.
• 1892 – At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official basketball game is played.
• 1920 – The American Civil Liberties Union is founded.
• 1921 – The first Constitution of Turkey is adopted, making fundamental changes in the source and exercise of sovereignty by consecrating the principle of national sovereignty.
• 1929 – In Old Arizona, the first full-length talking motion picture filmed outdoors, is released.
• 1934 – "Fujifilm", the foundation of Fujifilm, the photographic and electronic industry in "Tokyo", "Japan".
• 1936 – Edward VIII becomes King of the United Kingdom.
• 1937 – Franklin Roosevelt is inaugurated for a second term as U.S. President. This is the first inauguration on January 20. The date was changed from March 4 by the 20th Amendment to the Constitution.
• 1941 – Franklin Roosevelt is the only President inaugurated for a third term.
• 1942 – World War II: At the Wannsee Conference held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee, senior Nazi German officials decided on the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", accelerating The Holocaust.
• 1945 – World War II: Hungary agrees to an armistice with the Allies.
• 1945 – Franklin Roosevelt's fourth and final inauguration is held at the White House due to wartime considerations.
• 1949 – Point Four Program a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Harry S. Truman in his inaugural address for a full term as President.
• 1953 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is inaugurated as the first Republican President in twenty years.
• 1954 – The National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations.
• 1959 – The first flight of the Vickers Vanguard.
• 1960 – Hendrik Verwoerd announces a plebiscite on whether South Africa should become a Republic.
• 1961 – John F. Kennedy is inaugurated as the youngest elected and first Roman Catholic President of the U.S. His inaugural address is one of the most memorable of the 20th century.
• 1968 – The Houston Cougars defeat the UCLA Bruins 71-69 to win the Game of the Century.
• 1977 – Jimmy Carter is inaugurated as the 39th President of the United States. He is the last President inaugurated at the east front of the Capitol, which had been the traditional site for Presidential inaugurations since 1829.
• 1981 – Twenty minutes after Ronald Reagan is inaugurated, at age 69 the oldest man ever to be inaugurated as U.S. President, Iran releases 52 American hostages. It is the first Presidential inauguration to be held at the west front of the Capitol.
• 1986 – Martin Luther King, Jr. day is celebrated as a federal holiday for the first time.
• 1987 – Church of England envoy Terry Waite is kidnapped in Lebanon.
• 1990 – Tragedy at Baku – The Red Army killed Azerbaijani people in Baku.
• 1991 – Sudan's government imposes Islamic law nationwide, worsening the civil war between the country's Muslim north and Christian south.
• 1992 – Air Inter Flight 148 crashes near Strasbourg, France, killing 82 passengers and 5 crew.
• 1999 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafés.
• 2001 – Philippine president Joseph Estrada is ousted in a nonviolent 4-day revolution, and is succeeded by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
• 2009 – Barack Obama inaugurated as the 44th and first African-American President of the United States.

Births

• 225 – Gordian III, Roman Emperor (d. 244)
• 1292 – Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330) (d. 1330)
• 1358 – Eleanor of Aragon, wife of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
• 1435 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shogun (d. 1490)
• 1554 – King Sebastian of Portugal (d. 1578)
• 1586 – Johann Schein, German composer (d. 1630)
• 1664 – Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, Italian writer and jurist (d. 1718)
• 1716 – King Charles III of Spain (d. 1788)
• 1716 – Jean-Jacques Barthélemy, French writer and numismatist (d. 1795)
• 1732 – Richard Henry Lee, American statesman (d. 1794)
• 1775 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist (d. 1836)
• 1781 – Joseph Hormayr Freiherr zu Hortenburg, Austrian politician (d. 1848)
• 1783 – Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer, German cellist and composer (d. 1860)
• 1798 – Anson Jones, 5th and last President of Texas (d. 1858)
• 1804 – Eugène Sue, French novelist (d. 1857)
• 1812 – Thomas Meik, Scottish engineer (d. 1896)
• 1834 – George D. Robinson, 34^th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1896)
• 1837 – David Josiah Brewer, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1910)
• 1855 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (d. 1899)
• 1867 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (d. 1944)
• 1873 – Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Danish Nobel laureate (d. 1950)
• 1876 – Józef Hofmann, Polish pianist (d. 1967)
• 1878 – Finlay Currie, British actor (d. 1968)
• 1878 – Ruth St. Denis, American dancer (d. 1968)
• 1880 – Walter W. Bacon, American politician (d. 1962)
• 1889 – Allan Haines Loughead, American aviation executive (d. 1969)
• 1891 – Mischa Elman, Ukrainian born violinist (d. 1967)
• 1893 – Georg Åberg, Swedish athlete (d. 1946)
• 1894 – Walter Piston, American composer (d. 1976)
• 1895 – Gábor Szegő, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1985)
• 1896 – George Burns, American actor, comedian (d. 1996)
• 1896 – Isabel Withers, American actress (d. 1968)
• 1898 – U Razak, Burmese politician (d. 1947)
• 1899 – Kenjiro Takayanagi, Japanese development of television (d. 1990)
• 1899 – Clarice Cliff, English ceramic artist (d. 1972)
• 1900 – Colin Clive, British actor (d. 1937)
• 1902 – Leon Ames, American actor (d. 1993)
• 1907 – Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
• 1908 – Fleur Cowles, American writer, editor and artist (d. 2009)
• 1910 – Joy Adamson, Austrian naturalist and writer (d. 1980)
• 1911 – Wendell J. Westcott, American carillonneur (d. 2010)
• 1912 – Walter Briggs, Jr., American sports executive (d. 1970)
• 1915 – Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 2006)
• 1918 – Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002)
• 1918 – Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American clinical
• 1920 – Federico Fellini, Italian film director (d. 1993)
• 1920 – DeForest Kelley, American actor (d. 1999)
• 1920 – Thorleif Schjelderup, Norwegian author and ski jumper (d. 2006)
• 1920 – Frank Kush, American football player and coach
• 1921 – Telmo Zarraonaindía, Spanish footballer (d. 2006)
• 1922 – Ray Anthony, American trumpeter, bandleader and actor
• 1922 – Graham Stark, British actor
• 1923 – Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer
• 1924 – Slim Whitman, American singer
• 1925 – Ernesto Cardenal, Nicaraguan theologian and politician
• 1926 – Jamiluddin Aali, Pakistani poet, essayist and columnist
• 1926 – Qurratulain Hyder, Indian and Pakistani novelist (d. 2007)
• 1926 – Patricia Neal, American actress (d. 2010)
• 1926 – David Tudor, American pianist and composer (d. 1996)
• 1928 – Rudy Boesch, Contestant on Survivor: Borneo (3rd Place) and Survivor: All-Stars (17th Place)
• 1929 – Jimmy Cobb, American jazz drummer
• 1929 – Arte Johnson, American actor
• 1929 – Glenn Roberts, American race car driver (d. 1964)
• 1930 – Buzz Aldrin, American astronaut
• 1931 – David Lee, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
• 1931 – Hachidai Nakamura, Japanese songwriter and pianist (d. 1992)
• 1932 – Lou Fontinato, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1933 – Ron Townson, American singer (The 5th Dimension) (d. 2001)
• 1934 – Tom Baker, British actor
• 1935 – Joan Weston, Roller Derby Queen (d. 1997)
• 1935 – Alexander Men, Russian priest (d. 1990)
• 1937 – Dorothy Provine, American singer, dancer and actress
• 1938 – William Berger, Austrian actor (d. 1993)
• 1938 – Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2007)
• 1939 – Paul Coverdell, American politician (d. 2000)
• 1940 – Carol Heiss, American figure skater
• 1940 – Krishnam Raju, Indian actor and politician
• 1941 – Pierre Lalonde, Canadian singer and television host
• 1942 – Linda Moulton Howe, American investigative journalist and documentary producer-writer-director-editor
• 1944 – Farhad Mehrad, Iranian musician (d. 2002)
• 1944 – José Luis Garci, Spanish filmmaker
• 1945 – Robert Olen Butler, American writer
• 1945 – Christopher Martin-Jenkins, cricket commentator and correspondent
• 1945 – Eric Stewart, English musician and songwriter (10cc)
• 1946 – David Lynch, American film director
• 1947 – Cyrille Guimard, French cyclist and directeur sportif
• 1948 – Natan Sharansky, Russian-born physicist and politician
• 1948 – Nancy Kress, American writer
• 1948 – Mel Pritchard, British Musician
• 1949 – Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden
• 1950 – Liza Goddard, British actress
• 1950 – Edward Hirsch. American poet
• 1950 – Chuck Lefley, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1950 – Mahamane Ousmane, President of Niger
• 1951 – Ivan Fischer, Hungarian conductor
• 1951 – Ian Hill, British musician (Judas Priest)
• 1952 – Paul Stanley, American musician (Kiss)
• 1954 – Ken Page, American cabaret singer and actor
• 1955 – Wyatt Knight, American actor
• 1955 – Joe Doherty, Provisional Irish Republican Army member
• 1955 – Hiromi Ōta, Japanese singer
• 1956 – Maria Larsson, Swedish politician
• 1956 – Bill Maher, American actor, comedian, and political analyst
• 1958 – Lorenzo Lamas, American actor
• 1960 – Apa Sherpa, Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer, summitted Everest 19 times
• 1960 – Scott Thunes, American musician (Frank Zappa)
• 1960 – Will Wright, American computer game designer
• 1963 – James Denton, American actor
• 1963 – Firebreaker Chip, American professional wrestler
• 1964 – Ozzie Guillén, Venezuelan-born baseball player and manager
• 1964 – Ron Harper, American basketball player
• 1964 – Kazushige Nojima, Japanese game scenario writer
• 1965 – Colin Calderwood, Scottish footballer
• 1965 – Greg Kriesel, American bassist (The Offspring)
• 1965 – Sophie, The Countess of Wessex, the wife of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
• 1965 – John Michael Montgomery, American singer
• 1965 – Anton Weissenbacher, Romanian footballer
• 1966 – Stacey Dash, American actress
• 1966 – Tracii Guns, American guitarist
• 1966 – Rainn Wilson, American actor
• 1968 – Nick Anderson, American basketball player
• 1968 – Melissa Rivers, American reporter and actress
• 1969 – Patrick K. Kroupa, American computer hacker
• 1969 – Nicky Wire, British musician (Manic Street Preachers)
• 1970 – Mitch Benn, UK comedian, songwriter, actor
• 1970 – Kerri Kenney-Silver, American actress
• 1970 – Skeet Ulrich, American actor
• 1971 – Gary Barlow, English singer (Take That)
• 1971 – Brian Giles, American baseball player
• 1971 – Derrick Green, American singer (Sepultura)
• 1971 – Wakanohana Masaru, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 66^th Yokozuna
• 1971 – Gerard McDonnell, Irish mountaineer (d. 2008)
• 1971 – Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson, American drummer (The Roots)
• 1973 – Princess Mathilde, Duchess of Brabant
• 1974 – David Dei, Italian footballer
• 1975 – David Eckstein, American baseball player
• 1975 – Norberto Fontana, Argentine racing driver
• 1976 – Gretha Smit, Dutch speed skater
• 1976 – Kirsty Gallacher, Scottish television presenter
• 1977 – Melody, Belgian singer
• 1977 – Sid Wilson, American Musician, (Slipknot)
• 1978 – Joy Giovanni, American actress and glamour model
• 1978 – Sonja Kesselschläger, German heptathlete
• 1978 – Allan Søgaard, Danish footballer
• 1979 – Asaka Kubo, Japanese gravure idol of 20th Century
• 1979 – Will Young, British singer
• 1979 – Shang Yi, Chinese footballer
• 1980 – Philippe Cousteau, Jr., French oceanographer; grandson of Jacques Cousteau
• 1980 – Brigitte Olivier, Belgian judoka
• 1981 – Freddy Guzmán, Dominican baseball player
• 1981 – Jason Richardson, American basketball player
• 1981 – Owen Hargreaves, English footballer
• 1981 – Daniel Cudmore, Canadian actor
• 1981 – Crystal Lowe, Canadian actress
• 1982 – Joe Swash, English actor
• 1982 – Fredrik Strømstad, Norwegian footballer
• 1983 – Geovany Soto, Puerto Rican baseball player
• 1983 – Paula Taylor, English-Thai actress, model and presenter
• 1983 – Mari Yaguchi, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
• 1984 – Olivia Hallinan, English actress
• 1984 – Toni Gonzaga, Filipina actress and singer
• 1986 – Derek Fathauer, American professional golfer
• 1988 – Benjamin Ulrich, German rugby player
• 1991 – Jolyon Palmer, English racing driver; son of Jonathan Palmer

Deaths

• 287 – St. Sebastian
• 1156 – Bishop Henry, patron saint of Finland
• 1191 – Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (b. 1167)
• 1479 – King John II of Aragon (b. 1397)
• 1568 – Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator
• 1612 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1552)
• 1663 – Isaac Ambrose, English Puritan divine (b. 1604)
• 1666 – Anna of Austria, wife of Louis XIII of France and regent (b. 1601)
• 1707 – Humphrey Hody, English theologian (b. 1659)
• 1709 – François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (b. 1624)
• 1739 – Francesco Galli-Bibiena, Italian architect/designer (b. 1659)
• 1751 – John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (b. 1665)
• 1770 – Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1722)
• 1779 – David Garrick, English actor (b. 1717)
• 1810 – Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (b. 1722)
• 1819 – King Charles IV of Spain (b. 1748)
• 1848 – Christian VIII of Denmark (b. 1786)
• 1850 – Adam Oehlenschläger, Danish poet (b. 1779)
• 1852 – Ōnomatsu Midorinosuke, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 6^th Yokozuna (b. 1794)
• 1873 – The Venerable Father Basil Anthony Marie Moreau, Founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross (b. 1799)
• 1875 – Jean-François Millet, French painter (b. 1814)
• 1877 – Dato Maharajalela Lela, Malay nationalist.
• 1891 – David Kalakaua, King of Hawaii (b. 1836)
• 1900 – John Ruskin, English art critic (b. 1819)
• 1901 – Zénobe Gramme, Belgian engineer (b. 1826)
• 1908 – John Ordronaux, American Civil War army surgeon, a professor of medical jurisprudence, and pioneering mental health commissioner (b. 1830)
• 1913 – José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican engraver and illustrator (b. 1852).
• 1920 – Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler (b. 1876)
• 1936 – King George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1865)
• 1940 – Omar Bundy, American army general (b. 1861)
• 1944 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (b. 1860)
• 1947 – Josh Gibson, American baseball player (b. 1911)
• 1954 – Fred Root, English cricketer (b. 1890)
• 1962 – Robinson Jeffers, American poet (b. 1887)
• 1965 – Alan Freed, American disk jockey (b. 1922)
• 1971 – Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor, director, writer, and producer (b. 1880)
• 1971 – Minanogawa Tōzō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 34^th Yokozuna (b. 1903)
• 1973 – Lorenz Böhler, Austrian physician (b. 1885)
• 1973 – Amilcar Cabral, Guinea Bissauan and Cape Verdian politician (b. 1924)
• 1979 – Gustav Winckler, Danish singer (b. 1925)
• 1983 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (b. 1933)
• 1984 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
• 1988 – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Pashtun Nationalist & non-violent freedom fighter (b. 1890)
• 1988 – Dora Stratou, Greek choreographer and folklorist (b. 1903)
• 1989 – Alamgir Kabir, Bangladeshi film director (b. 1938)
• 1990 – Hayedeh, Persian singer (b. 1942)
• 1990 – Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (b. 1907)
• 1993 – Audrey Hepburn, Anglo-Dutch actress (b. 1929)
• 1994 – Sir Matt Busby, Scottish football player and coach (b. 1909)
• 1996 – Gerry Mulligan, American musician (b. 1927)
• 1997 – Curt Flood, American baseball player (b. 1938)
• 1998 – Bobo Brazil, American professional wrestler (b. 1924)
• 2002 – Carrie Hamilton, actress and singer (b. 1963). Daughter of comedienne/actress Carol Burnett.
• 2003 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (b. 1903)
• 2003 – Craig Kelly, American snowboarder (b. 1966)
• 2003 – Nedra Volz, American actress (b. 1908)
• 2003 – Bill Werbeniuk, Canadian snooker player (b. 1947)
• 2004 – Guinn Smith, American athlete (b. 1920)
• 2005 – Per Borten, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1913)
• 2005 – Roland Frye, American literary critic and theologian (b. 1921)
• 2005 – Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Polish journalist, writer, and politician (b. 1913)
• 2005 – Miriam Louisa Rothschild, British zoologist, entomologist, and author (b. 1908)
• 2006 – Dave Lepard, Swedish rock singer and guitarist (b. 1980)
• 2009 – Stéphanos II Ghattas, Patriarch Emeritus of Alexandria for the Coptic Catholic Church (b. 1920)
• 2009 – Stan Hagen, Canadian politician (b. 1940)
• 2009 – David Newman, American jazz musician, nicknamed "Fathead" (b. 1933)
• 2009 – Sheila O'Nions Walsh (aka Sheila Walsh, Sophie Leyton), English romance writer (b. 1928)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast day
  • Abadios
  • Euthymius the Great
  • Fabian
  • Sebastian
  • Manchán of Lemanaghan
  • January 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• United States presidential inauguration, held every four years since 1937 (with 2 exceptions by Eisenhower & Reagan, on January 21st) in odd-numbered years after years when the United States Presidential Election takes place (as the election takes place in years divisible by four – 2004, 2008, 2012, and so on – the inauguration takes place in 2005, 2009, 2013, etc.). The incoming/reelected President traditionally swears-in as close to Noon as possible.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On this day in Canada